Mapping the Valence States of Transition-Metal Elements Using Energy-Filtered Transmission Electron Microscopy

The properties of transition-metal oxides are related to the presence of elements with mixed valences, such as Mn and Co. Spatial mapping of the valence-state distribution of transition-metal elements is a challenge to existing microscopy techniques. In this letter, using the valence-state information provided by the white lines observed in electron energy-loss spectroscopy in a transmission electron microscope (TEM), an experimental approach is demonstrated to map the valence-state distributions of Mn and Co using the energyfiltered TEM. An optimum spatial resolution of ∼ 2 nm has been achieved for two-phase Co oxides with sharp boundaries. This provides a new technique for quantifying the valence states of cations in magnetic oxides.